This practical follows the same outline as last time. You should answer the questions that will be released here during the practical.
Read the following text
One of the great difficulties with building large scale ontologies describing real world situations is that the people who understand the real world situation — the domain expert — and those who understand how to build a representation of the model — the knowledge engineer — are normally disjoint. Worse still, the two groups tend to use completely different vocabularies and terminologies for talking about their problems. The traditional approach to this situation is to put representative members of each group into a room for a considerable period of time, during which members of each group can gain enough knowledge of the others area of expertise. This process, however, is highly imperfect. The key problems are two: first, it can be very expensive and second, the ontologies generated tend to cover the immediate needs of the domain experts but cannot be extended easily; that is they tend to be very brittle.
Ontological annealing is a methodology which offers a solution to this. The idea is to formally separate the two groups of experts and allow them to operate on the ontology independently. The name "annealing" comes from an analogy with a process for making iron less brittle with repeated rounds of heating and slow cooling. First, the domain experts are left for a short time, normally a few hours at most, to extend the ontology by adding new terms in areas of the ontology that seem approriate. Following this period, the knowledge enginneers are given the ontology to improve the representation of the knowledge. It is important that the only communication between the two groups should be using the documentation and logic facilities of the ontological representation language.
In general, it appears that this process, although somewhat counter-intuitive, can reduce the development time of highly adaptable ontologies by at least an order of magnitude. At the current time, this methodology has not had a large take up within the OWL and Semantic Web community. The main reason for this appears to be one of tooling; the requirement for no communication other than through the ontology means that the two groups need really good mechanism for determining what changes the other has made. This tends to result in repeated cycles of non-productive changes — called quenching, after a process which causes brittleness in metal.
Now answer the following questions:
Read the following text:
Amino acids are a class of organic compounds named after the nitrogenous amino group (-NH2) and the carboxylic acid (-COOH) group which they all contain. Amino acids are chemically the most basic building blocks of living organisms. The proper sequencing of amino acids into proteins and eventually cells is encoded in DNA.
Some scientists believed that only amino acid re-sequencing and disulfide shuffling were involved in prion replication and that quantum resonance did not factor.
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~pxc/refs/index.html